A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(a) The principles involved in cloning as illustrated by: separating cells of developing animal embryos, nuclear transplants from somatic cells into egg cells, tissue cultures of animals, micropropagation of plants. The advantages and disadvantages.

AS Assessment Unit BY2: 2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history

(e) Physical features and biochemical methods can be used to assess the relatedness of organisms. DNA 'genetic fingerprinting' and enzyme studies show relatedness without the problem of morphological convergence.

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A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(d) Genetic fingerprinting of an individual produces a unique pattern of bands of DNA. Gene amplification, PCR. Uses of this technique and associated issues.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(b) The Human Genome Project has been used to locate and sequence alleles on human chromosomes. The potential uses and abuses of this knowledge. Possibility of automated routine screening for particular predisposing genes. Ethical issues surrounding this knowledge and gene ownership.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(c) Advantages and disadvantages of using gene therapy for the treatment of disease as illustrated by cystic fibrosis.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(c) Advantages and disadvantages of using gene therapy for the treatment of disease as illustrated by cystic fibrosis. Formation of recombinant DNA by insertion of foreign DNA into bacterial plasmids and cloning of the bacteria to produce useful molecules as illustrated by insulin. The use of restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, marker gene. Advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering. Issues associated with genetically modified food crops such as tomatoes and soya.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(b) The Human Genome Project has been used to locate and sequence alleles on human chromosomes. The potential uses and abuses of this knowledge. Possibility of automated routine screening for particular predisposing genes. Ethical issues surrounding this knowledge and gene ownership.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.4 Inheritance

(a) The importance of meiosis and fertilisation in sexual reproduction giving rise to variation. Random assortment, crossing over and fertilisation as sources of variation.
(b) Alleles as different forms of the same gene. An understanding of the principles of monohybrid and dihybrid Mendelian inheritance. Chi squared. Codominance. Linkage. Sex linkage as illustrated by haemophilia.
(c) Gene mutation as illustrated by sickle cell anaemia and chromosome mutation as illustrated by Down's syndrome. Mutagens and carcinogens. Oncogenes
Suggested Practical Activities: Experiment to illustrate gene segregation (Drosophila, maize cobs and tomato plants are suitable, but other material may be used). Fast cycling brassicas (SAPS).

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A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(b) The Human Genome Project has been used to locate and sequencealleles on human chromosomes. The potential uses and abuses of this knowledge. Possibility of automated routine screening for particular predisposing genes. Ethical issues surrounding this knowledge and gene ownership.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(c) Advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering. Issues associated with genetically modified food crops such as tomatoes and soya.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(c) Formation of recombinant DNA by insertion of foreign DNA into bacterial plasmids and cloning of the bacteria to produce useful molecules as illustrated by insulin. The use of restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, marker gene. Advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(b) The Human Genome Project has been used to locate and sequence alleles on human chromosomes. The potential uses and abuses of this knowledge. Possibility of automated routine screening for particular predisposing genes. Ethical issues surrounding this knowledge and gene ownership.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(e) Issues surrounding the use of: stem cells for replacing damaged tissuesand organs; IVF for aiding poor fertility.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: Environment, genetics and evolution

(b) The Human Genome Project has been used to locate and sequence alleles on human chromosomes. The potential uses and abuses of this knowledge. Possibility of automated routine screening for particular predisposing genes. Ethical issues surrounding this knowledge and gene ownership.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(e) Issues surrounding the use of: stem cells for replacing damaged tissuesand organs; IVF for aiding poor fertility.

A2 Assessment Unit BY5: 5.6 Applications of reproduction and genetics

(e) Issues surrounding the use of: stem cells for replacing damaged tissuesand organs; IVF for aiding poor fertility.